INDIAN HISTORY BY ANAMIKA ACADEMY AND ANGEL ACADEMY
The history of textbooks dates back to civilizations of ancient
history. For example, wrote texts intended for
education. The modern textbook has its roots in the standardization made
possible by the printing press. himself may have printed editions of Ars
Minor, a schoolbook on Latin grammar by . Early textbooks were used by
tutors and teachers, who used the books as instructional aids as well as
individuals who taught themselves.
The Greek philosopher lamented the loss of knowledge
because the media of transmission were changing. Before the invention of
the 2,500 years ago, knowledge and stories were recited aloud, much
like 's epic poems. The new technology of writing meant stories no longer
needed to be memorized, a development Socrates feared would weaken the Greeks'
mental capacities for memorizing and retelling. (Ironically, we know about
Socrates' concerns only because they were written down by his
student in his famous Dialogues.)
The next revolution for books came with the 15th-century
invention of printing with changeable type. The invention is attributed to
German metalsmith , who cast type in molds using a melted metal alloy and
constructed a wooden-screw to transfer the image onto paper.
Gutenberg's first and only large-scale printing effort was the
now iconic in the 1450s — a Latin translation from the Hebrew Old
Testament and the , copies of which can be viewed on the British Library
website. Gutenberg's invention made mass production of texts possible for the
first time. Although the Gutenberg Bible itself was expensive, printed books
began to spread widely over European trade routes during the next 50 years, and
by the 16th century, printed books had become more widely accessible and less
costly.
With higher education costs on the rise, many students are
becoming sensitive to every aspect of college pricing, including textbooks,
which in many cases amount to one tenth of tuition costs. The 2005 Government
Accountability Office report on college textbooks said that since the 1980s,
textbook and supply prices have risen twice the rate of inflation in the past
two decadesA 2005 PIRG study found that textbooks cost students $900 per year,
and that prices increased four
times the rate of inflation over the past decade. A June 2007 Advisory
Committee on Student Financial Assistance (ACSFA) report, “Turn the Page,”
reported that the average U.S. student spends $700–$1000 per year on textbooks.
While many groups have assigned blame to publishers, bookstores
or faculty, the ACSFA also found that assigning blame to any one party—faculty,
colleges, bookstores or publishers—for current textbook costs is unproductive
and without merit. The report called on all parties within the industry to work
together to find productive solutions, which included a movement
toward and other lower-cost digital solutions.
Education and the subsequent growth of schooling in Europe led
to the printing of many standardized texts for children. Textbooks have become
the primary teaching instrument for most children since the 19th century. Two
textbooks of historical significance in United States schooling were the 18th
century and the 19th century
Technological advances change the way people interact with
textbooks. Online and digital materials are making it increasingly easy for
students to access materials other than the traditional print textbook.
Students now have access to electronic and PDF books, online tutoring systems
and video lectures. An example of an electronically published book, or e-book
Most notably, an increasing number of authors are foregoing
commercial publishers and offering their textbooks under a or other
open license.
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